Well folks, it's done. That's right. I proposed and I passed. Like my good friend/ colleague/ mentor/ major professor told me, "you have another marriage to prepare for now- your dissertation!"
I must add, in my uncensored fashion, "it was really no big deal". The actual defense that is, not the getting ready for it- now THAT was a big deal. However, once it was time to defend the proposal, the one I spent what felt like half of my life writing and planning, man was I ready. I nailed it and you will to!
Data collection already began. I have two more rounds to go, both of which are scheduled. I'm on track for my May 2013 graduate, just as planned. Man it feels good when things flow. But no celebration yet, I still have to do what I said I'd do in that "no big deal" proposal.
The real work has just begun and I LOVE real work. Really, I do. It beats out what I deemed meaningless/unauthentic coursework (which, unfortunately for me and those around me, is what my PhD program of study was often filled with) ANYDAY!!!!
Happy Monday y'all. I'm off to concurrent data analysis session 1- woohoo!!! (There's nothing like "real" data)!
Stayed tuned for updates on the trials and tribulations of my final days as PhD student- yikes!
Here I share my thoughts, laid out raw, as I discover new layers of being throughout my doctoral studies. Today I sit as a second, NO FOURTH, year doctoral student; a mother of two, NO THREE, wonderful little girls; a wife; a friend; a sister; a daughter; an advocate; and an individual agent. Where else do I sit? Come, discover with me.
8.10.12
TASH- Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
TASH is an organization that is near and dear to my heart. My professional and moral journey began with TASH, and it continues there as well. Often I am asked, "what is TASH" and I fumble for an answer because TASH is so much to so many people.
Well.... here you go:
Who We Are
Founded in 1975, TASH is a volunteer-driven,
cross-disability advocacy organization of self-advocates, families,
researchers, professionals, policy-makers, and others who work together to
formulate solutions to tough barriers. The inclusive practices we validate
through research lead to inclusive, more tolerant communities.
Our Mission
To promote
full inclusion and participation of children and adults with significant
disabilities in every aspect of their community, and to eliminate social
injustices that diminish human rights.
Vision
TASH
envisions communities in which no one is segregated and everyone belongs – no
matter what the perceived extent of disability might be. TASH recognizes that people with
disabilities want what everyone else wants – the dignity of work, the chance to
“give back”, and loving friends and family. We live this vision by advocating for:
Inclusive Education: evidence-based practices that
benefit all students, with and
without disabilities, and prepare them for adult living in a diverse and
complex world.
Community Living: cost-effective practices which make
it possible for people who need support to direct their own lives, live in
homes and with people they choose, and contribute as citizens.
Employment: real jobs for real wages, and a
chance to advance economically.
Elimination
of Disparities by Disability & Race:
improved quality of life for
all people with disabilities, regardless of race/ethnicity.
How We Act on Our Mission
TASH’s core competencies are embedded in:
·
An uncompromising
value framework that embraces a presumption of competence of all individuals
and guides everything we do.
·
Expertise in
evidence-based practices of integrated employment, inclusive education,
person-centered community supports, and transitioning students to adult living.
·
State-of-the-art
training opportunities for practitioners, employers, and families in the most
advanced strategies for supporting citizens with significant disabilities to
achieve optimal employment, socioeconomic outcomes, and community inclusion.
·
Unwavering
commitment to challenge inaccurate misperceptions about citizens with
significant disabilities and transform the “status-quo” through innovation and
outcomes-based strategies in workforce development, community inclusion and
public policy.
·
Widely respected
publications, including a scientific journal, a magazine for parents and practitioners, and excellent technical
assistance materials.
We Will
Realize Our Vision When –
All
individuals with disabilities enjoy a quality of life similar
to those available to all citizens. This means all people with
disabilities must:
· Be presumed to be competent
to direct their own lives;
· Have a way to communicate;
· Are fully included in their
neighborhood schools;
· Have protections against
abuse, neglect, and aversive procedures;
· Have the tools and
opportunities to advocate on their own behalf;
· Have a home, recreation,
learning, and employment opportunities based on the their personal vision of
quality of life;
· Have individualized
supports that accommodate their functional needs.
Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
ED NILES, Lincoln, Maine
Ed Niles was 35 years old when he began
telling people he wanted an “apartment building.” People at Ed’s support
agency, Katahdin Friends, Inc. (KFI), had been TASH members for a number of
years and were inspired by leaders in supported living to rethink how and where
people with developmental disabilities could live. Many of Ed’s friends were
moving out of foster care homes and into their own apartments with support from
KFI. Ed wanted this same opportunity, but apparently he wanted an entire
building!
Ed had lived
with his family until age 7 when he was sent to live at Pineland Training
Center, Maine’s former institution for people with intellectual disabilities.
Ed lived in foster homes for 17 years, but when Ed began working at the local
McDonald’s, which provided job supports, it was the beginning of new
expectations! Ed’s parents never thought he would be able to hold a competitive
job -- but he had, and they were so proud. They began to view Ed in a different
light. If he could do this, then maybe he could do other things…
In Fall 1997,
through Ed’s persistence and KFI’s gentle advocacy, his family finally agreed
to him renting a place with a roommate—better, but not ideal. Ed revealed the
effect of his restricted former foster life by standing at his bedroom door
until someone gave him “permission” to come into the rest of the house. It took
months for Ed to realize that this was his home and that he could go wherever
he wanted.
But once Ed
got comfortable, he was delighted in showing visitors every part of his home,
highlighting his appliances, yard, cellar and other interests. It was the first
time that this man in his 40s had possessed anything and controlled his life.
Ed continued
to demonstrate his desire to live alone. Following TASH’s values of honoring
personal choice, KFI rearranged its resources to support Ed’s desire to move
into his own apartment without a roommate. The contrast in Ed’s life is
remarkable. For 17 years, he was institutionalized. Once in his own apartment, Ed
began participating in his community as a worker, neighbor and friend.
Ed’s life
continues to blossom. He became a homeowner on December 20, 2005. He loves his
new house in Lincoln, Maine. Ed retired from McDonald’s after 15 years of
employment. He volunteers at a local food cupboard, attends music jams, plays
bingo and has been attending the same church for over 18 years. And he
developed a new connection—the gentleman who mows his lawn regularly stops in
to have coffee or a soda.
If you were to
ask Ed about his life today, he would say, “I am happy, I am the boss, and it
is my right.”
Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
TOBY BAZAN,
Canyon
County, California
When Toby Bazan was a child, he had
some issues at school and in the community. When he was 15 years old, he had a
run-in with the police and he ended up in a locked residential unit in
California’s Fairview State Hospital, where he lived for 13 years. Much of
Toby’s time was spent locked down in a unit, but sometimes he got to go outside
and walk around campus thanks to the hospital’s day program. He even had the
opportunity to have bonfires on the beach, which Toby looked forward to very
much.
Unfortunately,
Toby was still living in an institution. The pushy and controlling staff and
tight, crowded nature of the hospital made Toby very nervous. If Toby got
agitated, sometimes the staff would tie him down in 5-point restraints. Not
only does this increase the chances of a patient getting injured, but this also
made Toby much more anxious. One time, Toby was invited to speak at a function,
but once Fairview found out he was going to talk about the staff tieing him
down in 5-point restraints, the hospital would not allow him to go. Toby knew
that the hospital was being dishonest and it was wrong for them to try to hide
what was going on inside the facility.
A
particulary upsetting experience was the case of Van Ingraham. Van was a
patient at Fairview and a friend of Toby’s. Van died of a broken neck while
under the care of the staff at the hospital. The hospital said that Van fell
out of bed. The coronor’s report came to the conclusion that Van’s injuries
could not have been caused by a fall out of bed; Spinal experts say that the
injury was likely a homicide caused by a headlock.
Luckily
for Toby, he moved out of Fairview in 2007 and into his own apartment. Giving
Toby the freedom to live on his own allowed him the chance to figure out what
makes him comfortable on a day-to-day basis. Being independent isn’t all great.
Life has its ups and downs for everyone, Toby is no exception. But Toby seems
to be flourishing greatly.Toby now leads a fulfilling life. He has presented
his experiences at colleges and conferences around the country. He has a great
relatioship with his local politicians and service agencies.
During
the Holidays, Toby works as a Bell Ringer for The Salvation Army, and now he’s
working on turning his love of beautifying his community into a recycling
microbusiness.
Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
DANNY LEDERER, Louisville, Kentucky
Like most parents, Leslie Lederer did not expect to have a
child with a disability. Danny seemed fine at birth. Soon they noticed that he
wasn’t achieving the developmental milestones at a typical pace. At age 6
months, Danny was diagnosed with Infantile Spasms. Little did she know that
Danny would have significant intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Armed with a medical diagnosis, Danny’s parents began trying to
fix Danny through medication and therapy. Fortunately, one of the medications
stopped Danny’s seizures; it also resulted in the loss of most of the motor
skills Danny possessed at the time. Danny attended an early intervention
program with other kids who had complex disabilities. Over time, they noticed
that Danny was more interactive around other kids. One day, another mother said
that her son considered Danny his best friend.
When Danny was ready for kindergarten, the school wanted
to place him in “the severe and profound classroom.” Danny’s parents insisted
he enroll in a class comprised of kids with and without disabilities. About
that time, Leslie read a magazine from TASH, which highlighted how students
with severe disabilities like Danny’s were being integrated into schools.
Leslie attended the TASH Conference and started educating school staff about
what she had learned.
As a result of the TASH connection, Danny moved back to
his neighborhood school in fourth grade over the loud objections of the
principal. However, the law said Danny had the right, and people in the district
supported them. He was able to finish elementary school with his sister, cousin
and friends—old and new.
Danny continued on to middle school and then high school.
He went to proms, was on homecoming court and the newspaper staff, and
graduated with his class in 2002. The principals were welcoming and many of the
regular and special education teachers were great at figuring out how he could
work on his goals and participate in the general curriculum. From the
beginning, he was part of the school and larger community. He made friends, got
invited to parties, played Little League ball with the help of classmates. The
next step was for Danny to transition to the community. Using many of the
strategies learned at TASH, Danny did volunteer work and spent time in class
and working on a college campus.
Danny has never learned to hold his head up, reach and
grasp, feed himself or use a switch consistently despite the best efforts of his
support staff. What he has learned is to be part of the community, a place
where his health and well-being are immeasurably benefited. The family realized
early on that they were raising a future community member and to the best of everyone’s
abilities, and his, they have.
Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
Barb Trader, Executive Director
Become
a Member
Donations
and Inquiries
1001 Connecticut Ave NW
Suite 235
Washington, DC 20036
Main Info Line:
202-540-9020
18.9.12
14.9.12
New Research finds that Educational Inequities for Individuals diagnosed with Intellectual Disabilities continue...
Did you know:
National Transition data found:
The 30th
Report to Congress found that overall, 60% of students with disabilities spend 80% or
more of their day in general education. However, ...
- 16% of students with intellectual disabilities spend 80% of their day in general education.
- The majority (48%) spend less than 40% of their time in general education.
- 43% of students with intellectual disabilities who have exited High School are working in sheltered workshops.
- Paid work while in HS is the #1 predictor of employment
- Unpaid experiences while in HS had no influence on post high school outcomes.
- Students having a method of communication is a predictor of postschool employment success.
Looks like we all still have A LONG way to go folks!
8.9.12
If you love them, set them free....
...or so the saying goes. I think it's meant to be applied to humans, but today I am applying it to my proposal. It is off to my committee for final review before D-DAY on the 24th- It is freeing and scary all at the same time.
The funny thing is that I am continuing to work, obsessively I might add, on the document. As I've been told before from a great colleague/friend, "the writing process is never complete" and "a manuscript is never done". So, although my document feels far from "done" I had to, in the interest of moving to the next phase of doctoral work- data collection, set it free.
Wish me luck faithful readers !!!!!
The funny thing is that I am continuing to work, obsessively I might add, on the document. As I've been told before from a great colleague/friend, "the writing process is never complete" and "a manuscript is never done". So, although my document feels far from "done" I had to, in the interest of moving to the next phase of doctoral work- data collection, set it free.
Wish me luck faithful readers !!!!!
7.9.12
Dissertation Draft: Take 5- The adrenaline is running high
As I round the corner to turn in my proposal draft by 12:00 today I can feel the adrenaline surge through my body. It is something I desperately need right now, adrenaline that is, because I've felt a lull in my commitment to this thing lately. A typical feeling I'm told, but de-motivating none the less. Thus, I share this rush with you if only to document, for your future endeavors as doc. students (should you be the ones reading this) that in the final hours, when all hope seems to have left you, YOU CAN DO THIS and YOU WILL DO THIS!!! Just as I will complete my proposal by the deadline, so will you, because our bodies are amazing and give us a natural surge of energy precisely when needed. And remember, due to the new addition of baby Emily to our family, I'm doing this on an average of 4 hours of BROKEN sleep a night- I have a 3 month old at home and love every minute of it, but as can be expected, she is taking a toll on my sleep!!
POWER THROUGH UNPLUGGED- YOU CAN DO THIS!
POWER THROUGH UNPLUGGED- YOU CAN DO THIS!
4.9.12
Dissertation Draft: Take 4- The Executive Summary
Here it is folks:
With
the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2002) and the
reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2004), the
inclusion of students with disabilities in general education classrooms has
become more prevalent within our public schools (DuFour & Eaker, 1998;
Mcleskey et al., 2010).
Collectively these laws have been the impetus toward inclusive school
reform that has not only increased the number of students with disabilities
receiving special education supports in general education classrooms, but also
significantly shifted the capacities demanded of both special education and
general education teachers and leaders.
The
literature on school reform is replete with research results indicating a
history of failed school reforms if instructional capacity does not
substantially change. Elmore’s (1992) mixed method work in the 1990’s and
Fullan’s (2011) more recent international mixed methods work on school reform
found that if reform efforts do not build the capacity of teachers and systems
to change instruction in the classroom, the positive qualitative (socialization
and parent satisfaction) and quantitative (test scores, behavior referrals and
graduation rates) outcomes of reform, if any exist at all, will fail to sustain
past a few years.
Evans
(1996) writes about school change, or educational reform, explaining that the
key factor in educational reform is its meaning to those who must implement it:
teachers and administrators.
Further, historical research found teachers’ expertise and knowledge and
their individual capacity to translate reform policies into practice as
critical to the sustainability and effectiveness of school change (Tyack and
Cuban, 1995). Thus, it is critical
to understand school change, or reform, from the inside out through the lived
experiences of the teachers and administrators themselves. Surprisingly,
research that examines a school’s capacity for initiating and sustaining
inclusive education through the eyes of the actors themselves is limited to
date (see for example- ADD EXAMPLES- DO I HAVE ANY??). Therefore, research that examines how school
leaders, defined as teacher leaders and the administrative team who are
involved in initiating an inclusive education reform, perceive their own and
the school’s capacity to include all students with disabilities in
age-appropriate general education classrooms and curriculum is needed.
Accordingly, systems change for inclusive
education, as one type of school reform, and the school capacity knowledge
base, together comprise the foundation for this study. Capacity is understood
as the potential of material, a product, person or group to fulfill a function
if it is used in a particular way (Newman, King and Young, 2000). Thus, explain
Newman, King and Young, school capacity is the collective potential of the
group, the school’s full staff, to fulfill its function. Viewed this way,
school capacity is best understood as a multi-dimensional organizational
framework for examining how a school collectively utilizes their resources to
effectively initiate and sustain systemic educational innovations. When applied to systemic inclusive
education reform, it is a frame to guide the understanding of a school’s process
and ability to initiate and sustain quality inclusive education.
Current research on inclusive education
tells us of the increased rates at which students with disabilities are
educated in general education environments, as well as the positive outcomes
associated with such placement. Mcleskey
et. al. (2004,2010)’s research results, as well as the Annual Report To
Congress in 2008, both show quantitative increases in the number of students
with disabilities who spend most (80% or more of their school day) with peers
who do not have disability labels.
Further, researchers have documented the positive results of inclusive
education since the early 1980’s. Qualitatively, positive social gains
associated with inclusive education such as increased language skills
(CITATION), feelings of membership in the greater school community (CITATION)
and an expanded peer group (CITATION) abounds in the literature. And more recently the national
longitudinal study of post school outcomes found both graduation rates and the
percentage of students with disabilities who are gainfully employed post high
school to be positively related to inclusive versus segregated education
placements (CITATION).
Study
Purpose and Rationale
Current
research on inclusion focuses on student outcomes and the procedural change
process rather than on the contexts, capacities, and capabilities of schools
and education leaders who are implementing it. Thus, empirical research that examines how schools have
moved toward inclusion and built the capacity for sustaining these models is
limited to date. Limited also, is the
voice of those who are implementing inclusion as a reform. Therefore, the purpose of this study is
to give voice to school leaders and teacher leaders by qualitatively examining
the process by which a school moves towards inclusion and builds capacity to
implement and sustain an effective inclusive education reform. Specifically,
this study seeks to (1) explore how school leaders perceive their own capacity
in initiating and implementing inclusive education reform; (2) explore how
their capacity to improve and implement inclusive practice is aligned with the
school capacity literature; and (3) explore how leaders perceive the school’s
capacity to include all student sin age-appropriate general education
classrooms.
Study
Overview
The
qualitative research tradition to answer how and why questions, and the
epistemological perspective of constructivism, assuming that knowledge is
situated in a particular context or locale, is multi-voiced and is constructed
and shared through the interactions and interpretations people have with
themselves and one another underpins this research (LeCompte and Schensul,
1999; Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). Case study methodology as described by Yin
(2009) will be used to make meaning of the multiple voices represented in the
study and weave them into an integral whole. The unit of analysis for this
study will be the school with school leaders as the sub units. School leaders are defined as (1)
teacher leaders, those being the first to implement inclusive education in
their classrooms, and (2) the school’s administrative team. Yin (2009) tells us that case study
research is an in-depth examination of one particular case within one
particular locale, or specific context, to deeply understand a social
phenomenon. This case study will
be used to uncover and give voice to the multiple perspectives and meanings
that school leaders place on their capacities to initiate and sustain an
effective inclusive education model.
One
goal of a case study is to test a pre-developed theory or framework. Thus, propositions derived from the
literature are the driving force behind the design (Yin, 2009; Hocutt &
Fowler, 2009). The literature that will serve as a guide to the research
propositions in this study includes the inclusive education and school capacity
literature detailed below. The critical case rationale, based upon the
criterion detailed in the literature review, will be used for purposive
sampling to select (Bogdan & Biklen, 2005; Merriam, 2009; Yin, 2009) one
school and six or more leaders within that school. Six participants were
determined as the minimum sample size based on Yin’s (2009) recommendation for
six participants to drive theory testing. The following sources of evidence for
theory testing were used: a researcher reflexive journal to address bias
(Denzin and Lincoln, 2005); a study data base to build internal reliability
(Yin, 2009); two to three one hour semi-structured interviews per participant
following a protocol and Spradley’s (1980) three step interview guidelines; a
minimum of two informal participant observations with accompanying field notes
occurring on the same day as each interview (Carspecken, 1996); two years of
preexisting case study data including twelve leader interviews and twelve
informal participant observation field notes; and a case study protocol
consisting of a research design overview, guiding questions, data collection
procedures and an outline for reporting results (Hocutt and Fowler, 2009; Yin,
2009).
All
data points will be analyzed using both deductive and inductive analysis
following pattern-matching logic (Anfara et al., 2002; Merriam, 2009; Yin,
2009). Initially, raw codes will
be assigned to segments of texts and repeated patterns will be
organized/cataloged around each of the seven dimensions (principal leadership,
district support, human/staff, organizational, structural and
material/technical) of school capacity. The search for negative cases that
refute the school capacity and inclusive education frameworks will be employed
during the final stage of analysis (Yin, 2009; Anfara et al., 2002). The
triangulation of findings (Bogdan & Biklen, 2005) by converging all
participants’ interview data, observation data and reflexive journal data
around each proposition and participant member checking will occur before any
final conclusions are drawn.
Research
Questions and Methodology
Three
research questions guide this study and have been addressed in the analysis
phase:
1.
How do school leaders perceive their
own capacity in initiating and implementing inclusive education reform?
2.
How do school leaders perceive the
school’s capacity to include all students in age-appropriate general education classrooms?
3.
How do the school leaders’ perceptions
of their own capacity, and that of the schools, to improve and implement
inclusive practice align with the school capacity literature?
While
federal laws and past research has pushed for inclusive education reform, they
have failed to address a school’s capability and capacity to engage in such
reform. Thus, this study will
provide school leaders with a more comprehensive understanding of capacity
building for systemic inclusive education reform. The findings from this case
study can inform educational leaders, both teacher leaders and administrators,
with detailed information about the types of human and material resources, as
well as the organizational and structural conditions that promote sustainable inclusive
education. Educational leaders can
draw upon the results of this work to be more strategic and purposeful when
implementing inclusive education reform initiatives.
15.8.12
Dissertation Draft: TAKE 3- You better LOVE your topic
This is the advice I remember hearing years ago. Advice, I must admit, that I brushed off and stored in the "useless suggestions" part of my brain. WELLLLLLL, let me tell you something: It has been re-assigned to the "CRITICAL INFORMATION" section of my brain. Here is why:
I am SO FREAKIN' sick of the word capacity. School capacity. Human capacity. Material capacity. capacity, capacity, capacity. I am living, sleeping and breathing this word. I mean how many different ways can one use this term??????? SERIOUSLY.
They, whoever they are, were right, "you better LOVE your topic" because you will live with it for A LONG TIME and if you don't love it, you may just throw it away out of shear BOREDOM. And then you'll never finish. What a shame that would be.
So, good for me, I do LOVE my topic. And even with this love I am SO SICK OF IT. The thing that worries me most is that I haven't even started collecting data yet. This means that I have to live "capacity" for another 7 or 8 months. AND, I have to get others, my committee and proposal panel to be specific, to LOVE capacity too!!!! Lord, help me!
I am SO FREAKIN' sick of the word capacity. School capacity. Human capacity. Material capacity. capacity, capacity, capacity. I am living, sleeping and breathing this word. I mean how many different ways can one use this term??????? SERIOUSLY.
They, whoever they are, were right, "you better LOVE your topic" because you will live with it for A LONG TIME and if you don't love it, you may just throw it away out of shear BOREDOM. And then you'll never finish. What a shame that would be.
So, good for me, I do LOVE my topic. And even with this love I am SO SICK OF IT. The thing that worries me most is that I haven't even started collecting data yet. This means that I have to live "capacity" for another 7 or 8 months. AND, I have to get others, my committee and proposal panel to be specific, to LOVE capacity too!!!! Lord, help me!
9.8.12
OMG, I have a date!
Borrowing the slang, OMG (OH MY GOD), from my seven year old I share with you that I have IRB approval to collect data AND a proposal defense date set: September 10th at 3:00 PM.
YIKES!!!
It's time to get serious folks.
If all goes well I'll collect data in October and November, analyze in December, write in January, edit/revise in February, defend in early March, edit/revise AGAIN in late March, submit in April and WALK in May.
That keeps me on track for May 2013 graduation.
WOOHOO now THAT is just the motivation I need!
If all goes well I'll collect data in October and November, analyze in December, write in January, edit/revise in February, defend in early March, edit/revise AGAIN in late March, submit in April and WALK in May.
That keeps me on track for May 2013 graduation.
WOOHOO now THAT is just the motivation I need!
2.8.12
Look for this title coming out in November...
Unifying Educational Systems encourages leaders to move beyond the traditional forms and rituals of leadership for special education that are caught within traditional definitions of a continuum of services. Grounded in public policy debates, research on teaching and learning, and an emerging consensus throughout the leadership community that calls into question our current practices, chapters in this volume provide a discussion of the purpose, principles, and paradoxes extant in the implementation of current special education policy. Chapter authors discuss how students are currently served, the feasibility of re-conceptualizing special education leadership in the current policy context, and the challenges for the future. Ultimately,Unifying Educational Systems calls for a new policy framework to integrate special education within the larger instructional support system in schools, in order to support a social justice and inclusive practices agenda.
27.7.12
Dissertation Proposal Draft: TAKE 2
This is just a project. This is just a project. This is just a project. It's not the culminating point of my career. JUST FREAKIN' DO IT.
(my mantra to keep me moving forward without paralysis brought on by being overwhelmed)
I CAN DO THIS!!!!!!!
(my mantra to keep me moving forward without paralysis brought on by being overwhelmed)
I CAN DO THIS!!!!!!!
17.7.12
Dissertation Draft: TAKE 1- School Capacity Conceptual Framework
_____________________________________
Top circle: Coherent School Structures & Instructional Programs
Center-Right Circle: Individual Staff Member's Knowledge, Skills, Dispositions and Will
Bottom Circle: Organizational/Professional Community
Center-Left Circle: Material, Technical and External Human Resources
_____________________________________
Past research helps us to see that the concept school capacity is not uni-dimensional. Instead, it should be viewed as a set of dimensions that are coherent and interactive (Century, 1999; Newman, King, and Young, 2000). These theories of school capacity argue that the greater the alignment and coherence of all dimensions of school capacity (i.e. material/technical, structural, organizational and individual) the more overlap with each dimension would exist, as visually depicted in Figure 1. Alignment of the capacities could be shown in the diagram as overlapping circles. This overlapping Venn would then cover up more and more of the yellow circle in the background. Thus, as the principal and district work to align their programs and capacities around common goals for learning, the tighter the four circles representing each capacity would become, depicting alignment.
Figure 1 above is an example of a school that is theoretically in the early stages of alignment, but still not fully aligned. Alternatively, a 100% aligned school would show no yellow and one large circle would appear, depicting that all four dimensions of capacity are interacting at all times with one another, aligned with one common purpose for learning. Conversely, a school whose principal and/or district has not worked to align the capacities, such as can be the case when multiple school improvement initiatives occur simultaneously, would potentially have 0% alignment. This school’s diagram would show no overlapping circles, but instead each circle would occupy it’s own space outside of the yellow circle, and even quite possibly appear outside of the arrows all together in a sporadic manner. Thus, this framework graphically depicts that the greater the alignment/integration of all four dimensions of school capacity around a common purpose, more concentric overlap/less yellow showing, the greater the instruction for all students and staff (Spillane and Thompson, 1997; Century, 1999; Newman, King and Young, 2000).
Top circle: Coherent School Structures & Instructional Programs
Center-Right Circle: Individual Staff Member's Knowledge, Skills, Dispositions and Will
Bottom Circle: Organizational/Professional Community
Center-Left Circle: Material, Technical and External Human Resources
_____________________________________
Past research helps us to see that the concept school capacity is not uni-dimensional. Instead, it should be viewed as a set of dimensions that are coherent and interactive (Century, 1999; Newman, King, and Young, 2000). These theories of school capacity argue that the greater the alignment and coherence of all dimensions of school capacity (i.e. material/technical, structural, organizational and individual) the more overlap with each dimension would exist, as visually depicted in Figure 1. Alignment of the capacities could be shown in the diagram as overlapping circles. This overlapping Venn would then cover up more and more of the yellow circle in the background. Thus, as the principal and district work to align their programs and capacities around common goals for learning, the tighter the four circles representing each capacity would become, depicting alignment.
Figure 1 above is an example of a school that is theoretically in the early stages of alignment, but still not fully aligned. Alternatively, a 100% aligned school would show no yellow and one large circle would appear, depicting that all four dimensions of capacity are interacting at all times with one another, aligned with one common purpose for learning. Conversely, a school whose principal and/or district has not worked to align the capacities, such as can be the case when multiple school improvement initiatives occur simultaneously, would potentially have 0% alignment. This school’s diagram would show no overlapping circles, but instead each circle would occupy it’s own space outside of the yellow circle, and even quite possibly appear outside of the arrows all together in a sporadic manner. Thus, this framework graphically depicts that the greater the alignment/integration of all four dimensions of school capacity around a common purpose, more concentric overlap/less yellow showing, the greater the instruction for all students and staff (Spillane and Thompson, 1997; Century, 1999; Newman, King and Young, 2000).
Based
upon this framework, the purpose of this study is to examine what the material,
human, organizational and structural factors are that influence a school’s
capacity to inclusively educate all students within their age appropriate
general education, or other naturally occurring, environments. Specifically, I
will be examining one school's inclusive education capacity development. This school has spent the last three years shifting their service delivery model for special education. They went from from educating all students with disabilities in isolated disability specific special education classrooms in trailers behind the school building to educating them all, including those with significant disabilities (i.e. autism, down syndrome, multiple disabilities), in age-appropriate general education classrooms along side their same age peers with and without disabilities. Thus, they shifted from being a school with segregated special education to an inclusive school. I will examine the following dimensions:
1.
Human/Staff Capacity- What shift in knowledge, skills,
dispositions and will of the staff occur in a school that moves from
segregated to inclusive education?
2.
Organizational Capacity- How is the school community organized both within it’s own building (professional
community) and in terms of it’s connection to the district and greater community
(external supports)?
3.
Structural Capacity- What school structures exists that foster/support inclusive
education
4.
Material, Technical and External Human Resources Capacity- What material, external human (i.e. outside trainers, university consultants) and financial resources are utilized within the inclusive
education classrooms and school?
I couldn't have said this better...
... so I won't try.
Here are the words of Yong Zhao explaining how standardized testing does not promote creative thinking.
Taken from the EdWeek on-line article, "Double Think:The Creativity-Testing Conflict" by Yong Zhao:
Here are the words of Yong Zhao explaining how standardized testing does not promote creative thinking.
Taken from the EdWeek on-line article, "Double Think:The Creativity-Testing Conflict" by Yong Zhao:
....Most important, as the education historian Diane Ravitch observed in The New York Review of Books earlier this year: "The central aim of Finnish education is the development of each child as a thinking, active, creative person, not the attainment of higher test scores, and the primary strategy of Finnish education is cooperation, not competition."
SEE ALSO
For more on Yong Zhao's opinions about education, read Education Week blogger Catherine A. Cardno's interview with the author, "Zhao on Entrepreneurship, the Common Core, and Bacon."
The United States saw a decline of creativity over the past two decades, as a 2010 Newsweek article reported. Titled "The Creativity Crisis," the article cites research by Kyung Hee Kim, an educational psychology professor at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Va. Kim analyzed performance of adults and children on a commonly used creativity measure known as the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The results indicate a creativity decrease in the last 20 years in all categories. This decline coincided with the movement toward more curriculum standardization and standardized testing in American schools exemplified by the No Child Left Behind Act. "NCLB has stifled any interest in developing individual differences, creative and innovative thinking, or individual potential," Kim said in an interview on the Encyclopaedia Britannica blog.
Standardized testing rewards the ability to find the "correct answer" and thus discourages creativity, which is about asking questions and challenging the status quo. A narrow and uniform curriculum deprives children of opportunities to explore and experiment with their interest and passion, which is the foundation of entrepreneurship. Constantly testing children and telling them they are not good enough depletes their confidence, which is the fuel of innovation. So, by any account, what policymakers have put in place in American schools is precisely what is needed to cancel out their desire for creative and entrepreneurial talents.
I don't know how policymakers can hold, simultaneously, these two ideas, creative entrepreneurship and test-driven curriculum standardization, that both research and common sense recognize as contradictory unless they change the slogans of 1984's Oceania, "War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is Strength" into "Standardization is Innovation, Uniformity is Creativity, and Testing is Enterprising" for education today.
Yong Zhao holds the presidential chair and is associate dean for global education in the college of education at the University of Oregon, in Eugene, and a professor in the department of educational measurement, policy, and leadership. He is the author ofCatching Up or Leading the Way: American Education in the Age of Globalization. His latest book, World Class Learners: Educating Creative and Entrepreneurial Students, was published by Corwin Press in June.
5.7.12
Dissertation is taking off
This summer marks two major milestones:
(1) I passed my qualifying exams
(2) I'm officially writing my dissertation proposal.
(1) I passed my qualifying exams
(2) I'm officially writing my dissertation proposal.
15.2.12
Developing a Dissertation Proposal Part 4- The importance of focus
Going back to my new friend Maxwell (2005) I’ve encountered even more helpful, but not easily implemented, advice:
Anyone can find an unanswered, empirically answerable question for which the answer isn’t WORTH knowing (p. 15).
And further,
A clear understanding of the goals motivating your work will help you to avoid loosing your way or spending too much time and effort doing things that don’t advance your goals (p.15).
Or, as Thoreau said, “it’s not worthwhile to go around the world to count cats in Zanzibar”.
This insightful reading of Maxwell has come after a friendly hallway conversation with a professor/colleague/mentor/friend who reminded me to GET THE DISSERTATION DONE and not allow myself, just for now, to be sidetracked by my tendency and preference for partnering with schools in their work to equitably and meaningfully educate all students: “It’s a wonderful ability and dedication you have”, he said, “but one that needs to be put on hold just for a moment so you can get your dissertation done. Then you can spend the rest of your career engaging in meaningful service with the access and legitimacy that the 3 new letters behind your name [P H D that is] will grant you"- sad but true I suppose (the power of letters that is).
So my faithful readers- many of which I know are committed to meaningful partnerships and collaboration for change in schools- just for now let’s commit ourselves to staying FOCUSED on a core, but meaningful, research goal/purpose; and never fear, Maxwell is here to help us.
THANK GOODNESS.
Here is what he says about the function of your reserach goal/purpose:
A research goal/purpose….
- Guides your research design decisions to ensure that you get something out of the study/time.
- Justifies your time/study.
- Shapes the descriptions, interpretations, and theories you create in your research. (taken from p.15)
He also writes in detail about the importance of using personal experience, your own identity and personal goals in deciding on a meaningful research purpose, and suggests the following activity to start the process:
~WRITE A RESERACHER IDENTITY MEMO TO YOURSELF~
I will do this now, you should too.
Here is why I appreciate this opening chapter on the importance of the goals: it acknowledges the complex role between researcher and self as partners with the communities studied. This is the first book I’ve found that holds true to this theme and strategizes for me how to handle it. All the other research design books have said either (1) acknowledge yourself (great, what the heck does that mean) or (2) separate yourself and remain an objective outsider (NO THANK YOU, I’ll pass on this whole research thing if that is the case).
SO again, I must thank you Joseph A. Maxwell. Just when I thought it was too late to save my belief in the institution of educational research, you provided me with a hope that I might in fact fit in the world of research after all.
Off to practice my focus. Let me know how I do!
Am I walking the student to professional bridge?
Something about this week has me thinking I might be.
First, I am neck deep in writing my dissertation proposal- it's slow coming, but at last I've found momentum. I even have an outline skeleton (you know, the type with headings and no meat). And, while it has A LONG way to go, at least I have a road map with focus (see my earlier post on my promise to focus)
Next, I have my second job interview coming up- they are paying to fly me out and are taking me to dinner after the long day of interview related activities- WHAT?!?!?!? That's never happened to me before, but my husband says, "welcome to professional interviewing".
Finally, I got my first formal (AKA paid) keynote speaker request for a state level conference ALL ON MY OWN!
With this evidence before me, I think perhaps the bridge over stormy student waters is finally materializing for me, and for that I am entirely grateful. I know I have a loooonnnnnggg journey ahead, but at least I am beginning to not only visualize myself as a scholar (see earlier post on when this happened), but am starting to partake in independent professional activities.
Wish me luck!
First, I am neck deep in writing my dissertation proposal- it's slow coming, but at last I've found momentum. I even have an outline skeleton (you know, the type with headings and no meat). And, while it has A LONG way to go, at least I have a road map with focus (see my earlier post on my promise to focus)
Next, I have my second job interview coming up- they are paying to fly me out and are taking me to dinner after the long day of interview related activities- WHAT?!?!?!? That's never happened to me before, but my husband says, "welcome to professional interviewing".
Finally, I got my first formal (AKA paid) keynote speaker request for a state level conference ALL ON MY OWN!
With this evidence before me, I think perhaps the bridge over stormy student waters is finally materializing for me, and for that I am entirely grateful. I know I have a loooonnnnnggg journey ahead, but at least I am beginning to not only visualize myself as a scholar (see earlier post on when this happened), but am starting to partake in independent professional activities.
Wish me luck!
1.2.12
Hot off the Press- Inclusive education and graduation rates
HOT OFF THE PRESS: Research just published on inclusive education- graduation rates 62% higher for students in special education when they are educated in inclusive (in "typical" general education classroom with peers with and without disability labels) versus self-contained/segregated classroom (only with peers with disability labels).
Inclusion and Graduation Rates: What Are the Outcomes?Goodman, Hazelkorn, Bucholz, Duffy, and Kitta (2011)
Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21(4) 241–252
Abstract-
In response to federal and state mandates, students with disabilities increasingly are being educated in more inclusive settings. Although accountability related to state curriculum standards and standardized test scores is important, graduation rates may be the critical factor in deciding whether current educational policy is resulting in successful outcomes for students. This study examined the records of 67,749 students with mild disabilities in Georgia during a 6-year period to determine the effects of inclusion (i.e., the amount of time spent in general education classrooms) on graduation rates.
Results indicated a 62% increase in the percentage rate in inclusion for students with mild disabilities, while graduation rates for students with mild disabilities have remained stable (+0.4%) at less than 30%.
Inclusion and Graduation Rates: What Are the Outcomes?Goodman, Hazelkorn, Bucholz, Duffy, and Kitta (2011)
Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21(4) 241–252
Abstract-
In response to federal and state mandates, students with disabilities increasingly are being educated in more inclusive settings. Although accountability related to state curriculum standards and standardized test scores is important, graduation rates may be the critical factor in deciding whether current educational policy is resulting in successful outcomes for students. This study examined the records of 67,749 students with mild disabilities in Georgia during a 6-year period to determine the effects of inclusion (i.e., the amount of time spent in general education classrooms) on graduation rates.
Results indicated a 62% increase in the percentage rate in inclusion for students with mild disabilities, while graduation rates for students with mild disabilities have remained stable (+0.4%) at less than 30%.
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