23.10.13

A Quote to Say Good-Bye to Part 1 with

" Our best schools are places where children learn about the world and begin to imagine life beyond their neighborhoods.  They are places where the arts are valued and pursued—where children learn to draw and dance and play the piano, as well as to understand a poem or a painting or a piece of music.  They are places where ideas are sought and explored—for the purpose of expanding young people’s notions of justice, broadening their visions of the possible, and welcoming them into ongoing cultural conversations.  Our best schools are places where children gain confidence in themselves, build healthy relationships, and develop values congruent with their own self-interest.  They are places of play and laughter and discovery."
From the Washington Post's October 18th post on The Answer Sheet, By Valerie Strauss, "What poor children need in school" .

As I close one chapter of my journey towards doctoral-hood I immediately open another, the nontenured chair, my journey towards tenure as a dept. chair.  Please, stay with me as I share the trials and turbulations of my first years in the academy.
 

25.2.13

Writing your Dissertation Part 4: Revisions

A note of warning here, the revision process does not grant immediate rewards.  In my case, it delivers the exact opposition- pain and suffering.  OK, that is a wee bit dramatic, but it is important to prepare yourself mentally and physically for the amount of time and intellectual strain the revision process demands.

Here are some suggestions to make the process go smoother:
1- Know the formal and informal revision "rules" at your own institution.  At my institution it is an unofficial rule that your co-majors sign off that your dissertation is complete prior to sharing any versions to other committee members. I've heard of other programs that do it very differently, sharing each iteration of the draft as it's being compiled with all members.  The point is this, know how "things go" at your institution.  This won't be written anywhere so I suggest you find the most transparent, ho nest and trusted faculty you know and ask them directly for the low down on the revision process.

2- Chunk out a few weeks for this process and build in "down time".  After reading, re-reading and re-reading you will need to walk away for a day or more in order to get a fresh look at things.

3- Set it free..... seriously, it will never be perfect.  The writing process is never complete, so at some point you have to call it quits and just let it be what it will be or you're never graduate.  Give yourself a deadline and set the manuscript free.

I am in wait mode right now after setting mine free to the full committee for final revision recommendations.  Wish me luck for fast and meaningful feedback.

13.2.13

Writing the dissertation- Part 4: Respect your limits

This is a very important lesson I am about to share with you.

Respect your limits. This goes for the amount of time you can actually be effective, as well as the level of analysis your brain can possibly handle. What I mean is this: if you can only produce two hours worth of meaningful and quality work, then stop working after two hours.

Do not try to pull an all nighter. We aren't in high school anymore folks.

Also, be ok with hat you produce. It's good. Could it better, sure, but isn't that always the way with life.

Celebrate what you do have and respect your analytical limits. This is just your dissertation folks, not your life's work. You have the rest of your career to grow. T

On that note. I'm taking a coffee break! I think you should too.

12.2.13

Writing the dissertation- Part 3: Be OK with Change

It is inevitable that all great plans change, so allow it here too.

Can I just tell you how many times I've completely re-worked my Ch. 4- no, I can't bc I stopped counting at 5.  That is right, folks.


Also, don't forget to keep ch. 5 open while you write ch.4.  You will be inspired for points of discussion as you summarize results.  Having a place to put your "thoughts" about the data is exactly what ch. 5 is all about.  By putting it there right away, you accomplish 2 things: (1) you get to start the draft of ch. 5 early, and (2) you can do a better "objective" job at presenting the data and not your opinions about it.

So my lesson for you today is don't wait "until you're ready" to start writing your results and discussion section- just go for it.  Allow the organization to evolve as you type.  It will come together.  I promise.

That's what I keep telling myself anyway.

54 pages down folks!!!!!

5.2.13

Writing the Dissertation- Part 2: TRANSCRIBING and ATTACKING WRITER'S BLOCK

OK folks, here are my lessons for the week:

1- TRANSCRIBE YOURSELF-As painful as transcribing 30 hours worth of interview recordings may seem, DO IT YOURSELF. Plan accordingly, because it takes a looooooooooonnnnnnnnnggggg time!!!! However, doing it yourself allows you to begin raw analysis and "thinking through the data".  To me, transcribing served the purpose as the first read recommended by many qualitative researchers (Mchatton, class lecture, spring 2011), which leads me to my next lesson and time saving trick- write as you go.

2- WRITE AS YOU GO- If your brain works anything like mine it is on super power idea flow at all times, especially when I am reading.  This is a beautiful, bittersweet, thing. For, if I do not capture my ideas as they zoom past, I loose them, or worse yet, when I try to re-create them on paper later, they are a garbled mess with no organization (almost like a flow of consciousness that only I can follow) bc I've lost the higher order connection that sparked the idea in the first place- and that, my faithful readers, leads to HORRIBLE writing.  SO..... ALWAYS have your ms.doc chapter 4 (and even Ch. 5 if you're that good) notes open and ready for action. Then, type away- put in place holders with all caps, "WRITE SOMETHING HERE" if you can't remember exact quotes or data points.  Also, try to keep it organized based upon your pre-decided structure (see dissertation part 1 post) and even allow for sub-headers to sneak their way in as they emerge/fit. You can always change them later.  This will save you from the feared "writer's block" when you attempt to write the final chapter.  Heck, I already had more than 15 pages, organized by research question, theme, and participant sub-group before analysis was  complete. I, of course, need to fill it in to make it smooth, but that's a pretty good start if you ask me!

So that's it for now- remember: TRANSCRIBE YOURSELF and WRITE AS YOU GO!

26.1.13

Writing the Dissertation- Step 1: ORGANIZE

I'm back...
After a nice long break for the holiday, I'm back and ready to get this thing done.

I will do my best to share the process of how I go from piles and piles of narrative data to a well organized, thought provoking and relevant manuscript that makes sense to someone other than myself!

YIKES!

First things first- ORGANIZE, ORGANIZE, ORGANIZE

(1) Organize your data- if you're anything like me your data is all over the place with crazy file names and chaotic structures that don't align to much of anything, let alone systematic analysis.  So find a tricky process of how you like to name the files, and put them all in one place on your computer.  A lesson learned here: DO NOT have separate folders that categorize the data for you. When you go to upload them to your qualitative software, it is easier if they are all in one folder together.  Thus, the importance of strategic and systematic file naming comes into play.
I did this- DATATYPE.PARTICIPANTID#.STUDYNAME.doc
For example:
GE.AD1.CW.doc

KEY-
GE- general ed. interview
AD- participant ID
1-first interview
CW-name  I have my dissertation on my computer

I did this for each of my files and put them all in one file.

(2) Organize your Chapter 4- Before I could even wrap my head around how the heck I was going to convey this mound of qualitative data to my audience via a dissertation manuscript I needed a plan.  Therefore, I read four similar dissertations and noted how they organized their presentation of data/findings.  I then came up with my own plan, which ended up being a mixture of all. I tweaked this plan a lot over the course of a few weeks and multiple dreams of how it will or won't work (literally, I dream this stuff now) with my final "aha" coming to me at 5:00 AM one day.  I put the organization into my manuscript with as chapter titles, section titles and filed in research questions and other topic headers as appropriate.  I decided upon this framework

RQ1
   Sub Group1 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Sub Group2 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Sub Group3 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Cross-Case of all groups Summary of Superordiante Themes

RQ2
   Sub Group1 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Sub Group2 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Sub Group3 of Participants Summary of Themes
   Cross-Case of all groups Summary of Superordiante Themes

RQ3
   Sub Group1 of Participants Summary of Research Propositions
   Sub Group2 of Participants Summary of Research Propositions
   Sub Group3 of Participants Summary of Research Propositions
   Cross-Case of all groups Summary of Superordiante Themes related to each Research Proposition

Given the in-depth and personal nature of my case study design, I decided to do sub group versus individual participant summaries to increase the level of confidentiality promised to my participants.

Once this was in place I felt I was ready "enough" to get dig in and get busy (just know that you never really feel "ready"- a lot of this dissertation/Ph. D. stuff is learn as you go).

(3) Organize your life- This might sound weird, but really, to be able to devote the amount of focused time necessary in order to get this thing (your dissertation) done you need a good amount of devoted writing/analysis time each day.  And, if you're like me anything and everything that "needs" (need also becomes a much broader defined term) to be done around the house, for the kids, the laundry, cleaning the litter box, organizing the pantry and making sure all my socks are color coded and put away according to texture will pull me away from working on it.  My kids closets have never been so organized! SO, I say to you, embrace your need for order and ORGANIZE your life.  Hire or enlist help if need be, but embrace this need for control and order in your life during a time when choas seems to take control of your mind, and organize it.  Then you can really focus!  This is a bounded period of time in your life so celebrate your anal self and get do whatever it takes to get this thing done.

That's it for now folks.

I'm off to organize... maybe there are some cereal boxes that need to be categorized!



8.10.12

Dissertation Draft Take 5- The Proposal Defense

Well folks, it's done.  That's right.  I proposed and I passed.  Like my good friend/ colleague/ mentor/ major professor told me, "you have another marriage to prepare for now- your dissertation!"

I must add, in my uncensored fashion, "it was really no big deal".  The actual defense that is, not the getting ready for it- now THAT was a big deal.  However, once it was time to defend the proposal, the one I spent what felt like half of my life writing and planning, man was I ready.  I nailed it and you will to!

Data collection already began.  I have two more rounds to go, both of which are scheduled.  I'm on track for my May 2013 graduate, just as planned.  Man it feels good when things flow.  But no celebration yet, I still have to do what I said I'd do in that "no big deal" proposal.

The real work has just begun and I LOVE real work. Really, I do.  It beats out what I deemed meaningless/unauthentic coursework (which, unfortunately for me and those around me, is what my PhD program of study was often filled with) ANYDAY!!!!

Happy Monday y'all.  I'm off to concurrent data analysis session 1- woohoo!!! (There's nothing like "real" data)!

Stayed tuned for updates on the trials and tribulations of my final days as PhD student- yikes!

TASH- Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities



TASH is an organization that is near and dear to my heart.  My professional and moral journey began with TASH, and it continues there as well.  Often I am asked, "what is TASH" and I fumble for an answer because TASH is so much to so many people. 

Well.... here you go:                                        

Who We Are
Founded in 1975, TASH is a volunteer-driven, cross-disability advocacy organization of self-advocates, families, researchers, professionals, policy-makers, and others who work together to formulate solutions to tough barriers.  The inclusive practices we validate through research lead to inclusive, more tolerant communities.

Our Mission
To promote full inclusion and participation of children and adults with significant disabilities in every aspect of their community, and to eliminate social injustices that diminish human rights.

Vision
TASH envisions communities in which no one is segregated and everyone belongs – no matter what the perceived extent of disability might be.  TASH recognizes that people with disabilities want what everyone else wants – the dignity of work, the chance to “give back”, and loving friends and family.  We live this vision by advocating for:

Inclusive Education: evidence-based practices that benefit all students, with and without disabilities, and prepare them for adult living in a diverse and complex world.
Community Living: cost-effective practices which make it possible for people who need support to direct their own lives, live in homes and with people they choose, and contribute as citizens.
Employment: real jobs for real wages, and a chance to advance economically. 
Elimination of Disparities by Disability & Race:  improved quality of life for all people with disabilities, regardless of race/ethnicity.

How We Act on Our Mission
TASH’s core competencies are embedded in:
·      An uncompromising value framework that embraces a presumption of competence of all individuals and guides everything we do.
·      Expertise in evidence-based practices of integrated employment, inclusive education, person-centered community supports, and transitioning students to adult living.
·      State-of-the-art training opportunities for practitioners, employers, and families in the most advanced strategies for supporting citizens with significant disabilities to achieve optimal employment, socioeconomic outcomes, and community inclusion.
·      Unwavering commitment to challenge inaccurate misperceptions about citizens with significant disabilities and transform the “status-quo” through innovation and outcomes-based strategies in workforce development, community inclusion and public policy.
·      Widely respected publications, including a scientific journal, a magazine for parents and practitioners, and excellent technical assistance materials.

We Will Realize Our Vision When –
All individuals with disabilities enjoy a quality of life similar to those available to all citizens. This means all people with disabilities must:
·      Be presumed to be competent to direct their own lives;
·      Have a way to communicate;
·      Are fully included in their neighborhood schools;
·      Have protections against abuse, neglect, and aversive procedures;
·      Have the tools and opportunities to advocate on their own behalf;
·      Have a home, recreation, learning, and employment opportunities based on the their personal vision of quality of life;
·      Have individualized supports that accommodate their functional needs.

Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
ED NILES, Lincoln, Maine

Ed Niles was 35 years old when he began telling people he wanted an “apartment building.” People at Ed’s support agency, Katahdin Friends, Inc. (KFI), had been TASH members for a number of years and were inspired by leaders in supported living to rethink how and where people with developmental disabilities could live. Many of Ed’s friends were moving out of foster care homes and into their own apartments with support from KFI. Ed wanted this same opportunity, but apparently he wanted an entire building!

Ed had lived with his family until age 7 when he was sent to live at Pineland Training Center, Maine’s former institution for people with intellectual disabilities. Ed lived in foster homes for 17 years, but when Ed began working at the local McDonald’s, which provided job supports, it was the beginning of new expectations! Ed’s parents never thought he would be able to hold a competitive job -- but he had, and they were so proud. They began to view Ed in a different light. If he could do this, then maybe he could do other things…

In Fall 1997, through Ed’s persistence and KFI’s gentle advocacy, his family finally agreed to him renting a place with a roommate—better, but not ideal. Ed revealed the effect of his restricted former foster life by standing at his bedroom door until someone gave him “permission” to come into the rest of the house. It took months for Ed to realize that this was his home and that he could go wherever he wanted.

But once Ed got comfortable, he was delighted in showing visitors every part of his home, highlighting his appliances, yard, cellar and other interests. It was the first time that this man in his 40s had possessed anything and controlled his life.

Ed continued to demonstrate his desire to live alone. Following TASH’s values of honoring personal choice, KFI rearranged its resources to support Ed’s desire to move into his own apartment without a roommate. The contrast in Ed’s life is remarkable. For 17 years, he was institutionalized. Once in his own apartment, Ed began participating in his community as a worker, neighbor and friend.

Ed’s life continues to blossom. He became a homeowner on December 20, 2005. He loves his new house in Lincoln, Maine. Ed retired from McDonald’s after 15 years of employment. He volunteers at a local food cupboard, attends music jams, plays bingo and has been attending the same church for over 18 years. And he developed a new connection—the gentleman who mows his lawn regularly stops in to have coffee or a soda.

If you were to ask Ed about his life today, he would say, “I am happy, I am the boss, and it is my right.”
                                       
Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
TOBY BAZAN, Canyon County, California

When Toby Bazan was a child, he had some issues at school and in the community. When he was 15 years old, he had a run-in with the police and he ended up in a locked residential unit in California’s Fairview State Hospital, where he lived for 13 years. Much of Toby’s time was spent locked down in a unit, but sometimes he got to go outside and walk around campus thanks to the hospital’s day program. He even had the opportunity to have bonfires on the beach, which Toby looked forward to very much.

Unfortunately, Toby was still living in an institution. The pushy and controlling staff and tight, crowded nature of the hospital made Toby very nervous. If Toby got agitated, sometimes the staff would tie him down in 5-point restraints. Not only does this increase the chances of a patient getting injured, but this also made Toby much more anxious. One time, Toby was invited to speak at a function, but once Fairview found out he was going to talk about the staff tieing him down in 5-point restraints, the hospital would not allow him to go. Toby knew that the hospital was being dishonest and it was wrong for them to try to hide what was going on inside the facility.

A particulary upsetting experience was the case of Van Ingraham. Van was a patient at Fairview and a friend of Toby’s. Van died of a broken neck while under the care of the staff at the hospital. The hospital said that Van fell out of bed. The coronor’s report came to the conclusion that Van’s injuries could not have been caused by a fall out of bed; Spinal experts say that the injury was likely a homicide caused by a headlock.

Luckily for Toby, he moved out of Fairview in 2007 and into his own apartment. Giving Toby the freedom to live on his own allowed him the chance to figure out what makes him comfortable on a day-to-day basis. Being independent isn’t all great. Life has its ups and downs for everyone, Toby is no exception. But Toby seems to be flourishing greatly.Toby now leads a fulfilling life. He has presented his experiences at colleges and conferences around the country. He has a great relatioship with his local politicians and service agencies.

During the Holidays, Toby works as a Bell Ringer for The Salvation Army, and now he’s working on turning his love of beautifying his community into a recycling microbusiness.

Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities
DANNY LEDERER, Louisville, Kentucky

Like most parents, Leslie Lederer did not expect to have a child with a disability. Danny seemed fine at birth. Soon they noticed that he wasn’t achieving the developmental milestones at a typical pace. At age 6 months, Danny was diagnosed with Infantile Spasms. Little did she know that Danny would have significant intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Armed with a medical diagnosis, Danny’s parents began trying to fix Danny through medication and therapy. Fortunately, one of the medications stopped Danny’s seizures; it also resulted in the loss of most of the motor skills Danny possessed at the time. Danny attended an early intervention program with other kids who had complex disabilities. Over time, they noticed that Danny was more interactive around other kids. One day, another mother said that her son considered Danny his best friend.

When Danny was ready for kindergarten, the school wanted to place him in “the severe and profound classroom.” Danny’s parents insisted he enroll in a class comprised of kids with and without disabilities. About that time, Leslie read a magazine from TASH, which highlighted how students with severe disabilities like Danny’s were being integrated into schools. Leslie attended the TASH Conference and started educating school staff about what she had learned.  

As a result of the TASH connection, Danny moved back to his neighborhood school in fourth grade over the loud objections of the principal. However, the law said Danny had the right, and people in the district supported them. He was able to finish elementary school with his sister, cousin and friends—old and new.

Danny continued on to middle school and then high school. He went to proms, was on homecoming court and the newspaper staff, and graduated with his class in 2002. The principals were welcoming and many of the regular and special education teachers were great at figuring out how he could work on his goals and participate in the general curriculum. From the beginning, he was part of the school and larger community. He made friends, got invited to parties, played Little League ball with the help of classmates. The next step was for Danny to transition to the community. Using many of the strategies learned at TASH, Danny did volunteer work and spent time in class and working on a college campus.

Danny has never learned to hold his head up, reach and grasp, feed himself or use a switch consistently despite the best efforts of his support staff. What he has learned is to be part of the community, a place where his health and well-being are immeasurably benefited. The family realized early on that they were raising a future community member and to the best of everyone’s abilities, and his, they have.

Equity, Opportunity, and Inclusion for People with Disabilities

Barb Trader, Executive Director

Become a Member

Donations and Inquiries
1001 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 235
Washington, DC 20036
Main Info Line: 202-540-9020

14.9.12

New Research finds that Educational Inequities for Individuals diagnosed with Intellectual Disabilities continue...

 Did you know:


The 30th Report to Congress found that overall, 60% of students with disabilities spend 80% or more of their day in general education. However, ...
  • 16% of students with intellectual disabilities spend 80% of their day in general education. 
  • The majority (48%) spend less than 40% of their time in general education. 

 National Transition data found:
  •  43% of students with intellectual disabilities who have exited High School are working in sheltered workshops. 
  • Paid work while in HS is the #1 predictor of employment
  • Unpaid experiences while in HS had no influence on post high school outcomes. 
  • Students having a method of communication is a predictor of postschool employment success.  
Looks like we all still have A LONG way to go folks!  

8.9.12

If you love them, set them free....

...or so the saying goes.  I think it's meant to be applied to humans, but today I am applying it to my proposal.  It is off to my committee for final review before D-DAY on the 24th-  It is freeing and scary all at the same time.

The funny thing is that I am continuing to work, obsessively I might add, on the document.  As I've been told before from a great colleague/friend, "the writing process is never complete" and "a manuscript is never done".  So, although my document feels far from "done" I had to, in the interest of moving to the next phase of doctoral work- data collection, set it free.

Wish me luck faithful readers !!!!!

7.9.12

Dissertation Draft: Take 5- The adrenaline is running high

As I round the corner to turn in my proposal draft by 12:00 today I can feel the adrenaline surge through my body.  It is something I desperately need right now, adrenaline that is, because I've felt a lull in my commitment to this thing lately.  A typical feeling I'm told, but de-motivating none the less.  Thus, I share this rush with you if only to document, for your future endeavors as doc. students (should you be the ones reading this) that in the final hours, when all hope seems to have left you, YOU CAN DO THIS and YOU WILL DO THIS!!!  Just as I will complete my proposal by the deadline, so will you, because our bodies are amazing and give us a natural surge of energy precisely when needed.  And remember, due to the new addition of baby Emily to our family, I'm doing this on an average of 4 hours of BROKEN sleep a night- I have a 3 month old at home and love every minute of it, but as can be expected, she is taking a toll on my sleep!!

POWER THROUGH UNPLUGGED- YOU CAN DO THIS!

4.9.12

Dissertation Draft: Take 4- The Executive Summary

Here it is folks:


With the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2002) and the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2004), the inclusion of students with disabilities in general education classrooms has become more prevalent within our public schools (DuFour & Eaker, 1998; Mcleskey et al., 2010).  Collectively these laws have been the impetus toward inclusive school reform that has not only increased the number of students with disabilities receiving special education supports in general education classrooms, but also significantly shifted the capacities demanded of both special education and general education teachers and leaders.
The literature on school reform is replete with research results indicating a history of failed school reforms if instructional capacity does not substantially change. Elmore’s (1992) mixed method work in the 1990’s and Fullan’s (2011) more recent international mixed methods work on school reform found that if reform efforts do not build the capacity of teachers and systems to change instruction in the classroom, the positive qualitative (socialization and parent satisfaction) and quantitative (test scores, behavior referrals and graduation rates) outcomes of reform, if any exist at all, will fail to sustain past a few years.
Evans (1996) writes about school change, or educational reform, explaining that the key factor in educational reform is its meaning to those who must implement it: teachers and administrators.  Further, historical research found teachers’ expertise and knowledge and their individual capacity to translate reform policies into practice as critical to the sustainability and effectiveness of school change (Tyack and Cuban, 1995).  Thus, it is critical to understand school change, or reform, from the inside out through the lived experiences of the teachers and administrators themselves. Surprisingly, research that examines a school’s capacity for initiating and sustaining inclusive education through the eyes of the actors themselves is limited to date (see for example- ADD EXAMPLES- DO I HAVE ANY??).  Therefore, research that examines how school leaders, defined as teacher leaders and the administrative team who are involved in initiating an inclusive education reform, perceive their own and the school’s capacity to include all students with disabilities in age-appropriate general education classrooms and curriculum is needed.
Accordingly, systems change for inclusive education, as one type of school reform, and the school capacity knowledge base, together comprise the foundation for this study. Capacity is understood as the potential of material, a product, person or group to fulfill a function if it is used in a particular way (Newman, King and Young, 2000). Thus, explain Newman, King and Young, school capacity is the collective potential of the group, the school’s full staff, to fulfill its function. Viewed this way, school capacity is best understood as a multi-dimensional organizational framework for examining how a school collectively utilizes their resources to effectively initiate and sustain systemic educational innovations.  When applied to systemic inclusive education reform, it is a frame to guide the understanding of a school’s process and ability to initiate and sustain quality inclusive education.
Current research on inclusive education tells us of the increased rates at which students with disabilities are educated in general education environments, as well as the positive outcomes associated with such placement.  Mcleskey et. al. (2004,2010)’s research results, as well as the Annual Report To Congress in 2008, both show quantitative increases in the number of students with disabilities who spend most (80% or more of their school day) with peers who do not have disability labels.  Further, researchers have documented the positive results of inclusive education since the early 1980’s. Qualitatively, positive social gains associated with inclusive education such as increased language skills (CITATION), feelings of membership in the greater school community (CITATION) and an expanded peer group (CITATION) abounds in the literature.  And more recently the national longitudinal study of post school outcomes found both graduation rates and the percentage of students with disabilities who are gainfully employed post high school to be positively related to inclusive versus segregated education placements (CITATION).
Study Purpose and Rationale
Current research on inclusion focuses on student outcomes and the procedural change process rather than on the contexts, capacities, and capabilities of schools and education leaders who are implementing it.  Thus, empirical research that examines how schools have moved toward inclusion and built the capacity for sustaining these models is limited to date.  Limited also, is the voice of those who are implementing inclusion as a reform.  Therefore, the purpose of this study is to give voice to school leaders and teacher leaders by qualitatively examining the process by which a school moves towards inclusion and builds capacity to implement and sustain an effective inclusive education reform. Specifically, this study seeks to (1) explore how school leaders perceive their own capacity in initiating and implementing inclusive education reform; (2) explore how their capacity to improve and implement inclusive practice is aligned with the school capacity literature; and (3) explore how leaders perceive the school’s capacity to include all student sin age-appropriate general education classrooms.
Study Overview
            The qualitative research tradition to answer how and why questions, and the epistemological perspective of constructivism, assuming that knowledge is situated in a particular context or locale, is multi-voiced and is constructed and shared through the interactions and interpretations people have with themselves and one another underpins this research (LeCompte and Schensul, 1999; Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). Case study methodology as described by Yin (2009) will be used to make meaning of the multiple voices represented in the study and weave them into an integral whole. The unit of analysis for this study will be the school with school leaders as the sub units.  School leaders are defined as (1) teacher leaders, those being the first to implement inclusive education in their classrooms, and (2) the school’s administrative team.  Yin (2009) tells us that case study research is an in-depth examination of one particular case within one particular locale, or specific context, to deeply understand a social phenomenon.  This case study will be used to uncover and give voice to the multiple perspectives and meanings that school leaders place on their capacities to initiate and sustain an effective inclusive education model.
One goal of a case study is to test a pre-developed theory or framework.  Thus, propositions derived from the literature are the driving force behind the design (Yin, 2009; Hocutt & Fowler, 2009). The literature that will serve as a guide to the research propositions in this study includes the inclusive education and school capacity literature detailed below. The critical case rationale, based upon the criterion detailed in the literature review, will be used for purposive sampling to select (Bogdan & Biklen, 2005; Merriam, 2009; Yin, 2009) one school and six or more leaders within that school. Six participants were determined as the minimum sample size based on Yin’s (2009) recommendation for six participants to drive theory testing. The following sources of evidence for theory testing were used: a researcher reflexive journal to address bias (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005); a study data base to build internal reliability (Yin, 2009); two to three one hour semi-structured interviews per participant following a protocol and Spradley’s (1980) three step interview guidelines; a minimum of two informal participant observations with accompanying field notes occurring on the same day as each interview (Carspecken, 1996); two years of preexisting case study data including twelve leader interviews and twelve informal participant observation field notes; and a case study protocol consisting of a research design overview, guiding questions, data collection procedures and an outline for reporting results (Hocutt and Fowler, 2009; Yin, 2009).
All data points will be analyzed using both deductive and inductive analysis following pattern-matching logic (Anfara et al., 2002; Merriam, 2009; Yin, 2009).  Initially, raw codes will be assigned to segments of texts and repeated patterns will be organized/cataloged around each of the seven dimensions (principal leadership, district support, human/staff, organizational, structural and material/technical) of school capacity. The search for negative cases that refute the school capacity and inclusive education frameworks will be employed during the final stage of analysis (Yin, 2009; Anfara et al., 2002). The triangulation of findings (Bogdan & Biklen, 2005) by converging all participants’ interview data, observation data and reflexive journal data around each proposition and participant member checking will occur before any final conclusions are drawn.
Research Questions and Methodology
            Three research questions guide this study and have been addressed in the analysis phase:
1.     How do school leaders perceive their own capacity in initiating and implementing inclusive education reform?
2.     How do school leaders perceive the school’s capacity to include all students in age-appropriate general education classrooms?
3.     How do the school leaders’ perceptions of their own capacity, and that of the schools, to improve and implement inclusive practice align with the school capacity literature?
While federal laws and past research has pushed for inclusive education reform, they have failed to address a school’s capability and capacity to engage in such reform.  Thus, this study will provide school leaders with a more comprehensive understanding of capacity building for systemic inclusive education reform. The findings from this case study can inform educational leaders, both teacher leaders and administrators, with detailed information about the types of human and material resources, as well as the organizational and structural conditions that promote sustainable inclusive education.  Educational leaders can draw upon the results of this work to be more strategic and purposeful when implementing inclusive education reform initiatives.

15.8.12

Dissertation Draft: TAKE 3- You better LOVE your topic

This is the advice I remember hearing years ago.  Advice, I must admit, that I brushed off  and stored in the "useless suggestions" part of my brain.  WELLLLLLL, let me tell you something: It has been re-assigned to the "CRITICAL INFORMATION" section of my brain.  Here is why:

I am SO FREAKIN' sick of the word capacity.  School capacity.  Human capacity.  Material capacity. capacity, capacity, capacity.  I am living, sleeping and breathing this word.  I mean how many different ways can one use this term???????  SERIOUSLY.

They, whoever they are, were right, "you better LOVE your topic" because you will live with it for A LONG TIME and if you don't love it, you may just throw it away out of shear BOREDOM.  And then you'll never finish.  What a shame that would be.

So, good for me, I do LOVE my topic.  And even with this love I am SO SICK OF IT.  The thing that worries me most is that I haven't even started collecting data yet.  This means that I have to live "capacity" for another 7 or 8 months. AND, I have to get others, my committee and proposal panel to be specific, to LOVE capacity too!!!!  Lord, help me!

9.8.12

OMG, I have a date!

Borrowing the slang, OMG (OH MY GOD), from my seven year old I share with you that I have IRB approval to collect data AND a proposal defense date set: September 10th at 3:00 PM.

YIKES!!!

It's time to get serious folks.

If all goes well I'll collect data in October and November, analyze in December, write in January, edit/revise in February, defend in early March, edit/revise AGAIN in late March, submit in April and WALK in May.

That keeps me on track for May 2013 graduation.

WOOHOO now THAT is just the motivation I need!

2.8.12

Look for this title coming out in November...


Unifying Educational Systems encourages leaders to move beyond the traditional forms and rituals of leadership for special education that are caught within traditional definitions of a continuum of services. Grounded in public policy debates, research on teaching and learning, and an emerging consensus throughout the leadership community that calls into question our current practices, chapters in this volume provide a discussion of the purpose, principles, and paradoxes extant in the implementation of current special education policy. Chapter authors discuss how students are currently served, the feasibility of re-conceptualizing special education leadership in the current policy context, and the challenges for the future. Ultimately,Unifying Educational Systems calls for a new policy framework to integrate special education within the larger instructional support system in schools, in order to support a social justice and inclusive practices agenda.

27.7.12

Dissertation Proposal Draft: TAKE 2

This is just a project. This is just a project.  This is just a project.  It's not the culminating point of my career.  JUST FREAKIN' DO IT.

(my mantra to keep me moving forward without paralysis brought on by being overwhelmed)

I CAN DO THIS!!!!!!!

17.7.12

Dissertation Draft: TAKE 1- School Capacity Conceptual Framework






_____________________________________
Top circle: Coherent School Structures & Instructional Programs
Center-Right Circle: Individual Staff Member's Knowledge, Skills, Dispositions and Will
Bottom Circle: Organizational/Professional Community
Center-Left Circle: Material, Technical and External Human Resources
_____________________________________


Past research helps us to see that the concept school capacity is not uni-dimensional.  Instead, it should be viewed as a set of dimensions that are coherent and interactive (Century, 1999; Newman, King, and Young, 2000).  These theories of school capacity argue that the greater the alignment and coherence of all dimensions of school capacity (i.e. material/technical, structural, organizational and individual) the more overlap with each dimension would exist, as visually depicted in Figure 1. Alignment of the capacities could be shown in the diagram as overlapping circles.   This overlapping Venn would then cover up more and more of the yellow circle in the background.  Thus, as the principal and district work to align their programs and capacities around common goals for learning, the tighter the four circles representing each capacity would become, depicting alignment.  
     Figure 1 above is an example of a school that is theoretically in the early stages of alignment, but still not fully aligned.  Alternatively, a 100% aligned school would show no yellow and one large circle would appear, depicting that all four dimensions of capacity are interacting at all times with one another, aligned with one common purpose for learning.  Conversely, a school whose principal and/or district has not worked to align the capacities, such as can be the case when multiple school improvement initiatives occur simultaneously, would potentially have 0% alignment.  This school’s diagram would show no overlapping circles, but instead each circle would occupy it’s own space outside of the yellow circle, and even quite possibly appear outside of the arrows all together in a sporadic manner.  Thus, this framework graphically depicts that the greater the alignment/integration of all four dimensions of school capacity around a common  purpose, more concentric overlap/less yellow showing, the greater the instruction for all students and staff (Spillane and Thompson, 1997; Century, 1999; Newman, King and Young, 2000).

         Based upon this framework, the purpose of this study is to examine what the material, human, organizational and structural factors are that influence a school’s capacity to inclusively educate all students within their age appropriate general education, or other naturally occurring, environments. Specifically, I will be examining one school's inclusive education capacity development.  This school has spent the last three years shifting their service delivery model for special education.  They went from from educating all students with disabilities in isolated disability specific special education classrooms in trailers behind the school building to educating them all, including those with significant disabilities (i.e. autism, down syndrome, multiple disabilities), in age-appropriate general education classrooms along side their same age peers with and without disabilities.  Thus, they shifted from being a school with segregated special education to an inclusive school.  I will examine the following dimensions:

1.     Human/Staff Capacity- What shift in knowledge, skills, dispositions and will of the staff occur in a school that moves from segregated to inclusive education?

2.   Organizational Capacity- How is the school community organized both within it’s own building (professional community) and in terms of it’s connection to the district and greater community (external supports)?

3.  Structural Capacity- What school structures exists that foster/support inclusive education

4. Material, Technical and External Human Resources Capacity- What material, external human (i.e. outside trainers, university consultants) and financial resources are utilized within the inclusive education classrooms and school?